Crafting Runes and Upgrade Orbs for Armor and Spell Upgrades
Crafting runes and upgrade orbs for armor and spell upgrades follows a consistent pattern: eight matching materials combine with a 
Blank Runestone to produce a rune, and eight of that rune combine with an 
Empty Upgrade Orb to produce the corresponding upgrade orb. Two rune types are covered here — Abyssal and Technomancy — along with the 
Arcane Cog that feeds one of them and the 
Adapter, which uses both.
Crafting the Abyssal Rune
The 
Abyssal Rune is made with a shaped recipe. You need eight 
Crystallized Coral and one Blank Runestone. Arrange the eight coral pieces around the runestone in the crafting grid to complete the recipe.
Crafting the Abyssal Upgrade Orb
Once you have Abyssal Runes, the 
Abyssal Upgrade Orb is the next step. The shaped recipe takes eight Abyssal Runes plus one Empty Upgrade Orb. As with the rune, the eight identical components surround the central item in the grid.
Crafting the Technomancy Rune
The 
Technomancy Rune uses the same structure but a different material. Its shaped recipe requires eight Arcane Cogs and one Blank Runestone. Place the cogs around the runestone to craft the rune.
Crafting the Technomancy Upgrade Orb
The 
Technomancy Upgrade Orb converts runes into an orb. The shaped recipe calls for eight Technomancy Runes and one Empty Upgrade Orb, arranged with the runes around the orb in the crafting grid.
Crafting the Arcane Cog
Because the Technomancy Rune depends on Arcane Cogs, you will need to make those first. The Arcane Cog has its own shaped recipe: four 
Redstone Dust, four 
Iron Ingot, and one 
Arcane Essence. Gather all three ingredient types before you begin, since the recipe requires each of them.
Crafting the Adapter
The Adapter is a separate item that consumes runes directly rather than orbs. It has two shaped recipes, and both use the same five ingredients in mirrored arrangements:
Lightning Rune, two 
Witherite Ingot, Technomancy Rune, two 
Mithril Scrap- Technomancy Rune, two Witherite Ingot, Lightning Rune, two Mithril Scrap
In other words, the two runes swap positions between the two recipes, while the two Witherite Ingots and two Mithril Scraps stay the same. Either arrangement produces an Adapter.
Planning Your Crafting
Work backward from what you want. If you are aiming for an Abyssal Upgrade Orb, you need eight Abyssal Runes, which in turn means sixty-four Crystallized Coral and eight Blank Runestones. If you are aiming for a Technomancy Upgrade Orb, you need eight Technomancy Runes, which means sixty-four Arcane Cogs and eight Blank Runestones — and each of those cogs costs four Redstone Dust, four Iron Ingot, and one Arcane Essence. If you want an Adapter instead, you only need single runes of each type, plus Witherite Ingots and Mithril Scrap.
Keep the two-stage structure in mind: materials become runes, and runes become orbs. The Blank Runestone and the Empty Upgrade Orb are the fixed anchor items in each stage, while the eight matching components change depending on which rune or orb you are making. The Adapter breaks this pattern by using runes directly, so it does not require an Empty Upgrade Orb at all.
Covers the mod’s in-game guide topics: Abyssal Rune Abyssal Upgrade Orb Technomancy Rune Technomancy Upgrade Orb Arcane Cog Adapter